The angst of the long-distance scholar

Many scholars face pressure from their academic employers to conduct and publish research. Is the pressure of publishing getting to you? If so, you aren’t alone. Writing and publishing is hard work. It’s like running a marathon, all alone, with no map. The task requires time, energy, and concentration, things many of us don’t have a lot of right now when the world seems so precarious. It’s no wonder sometimes people look for the easier softer way.

Last week I received an email. This exchange ensued. (“Sir” refers to me.)

Dear Sir. I hope you are all right. I just got my M.Phil and would like to convert it to a research article and get it published. Please guide. Regards.

My first thought was, oh, great! Here is a young scholar (I presume the scholar is young; I think it is a safe bet; anyone under sixty is young to me) who wants career advancement and needs my help. Possibly English is not this person’s first language. I need to pull out my culturally sensitive hat. It’s around here somewhere. As I’m rummaging in my mental closet, in a back corner I’m thinking, I wonder how this person found me? I’m definitely not at the top of a Google search. Still, wanting to be helpful, I shoot back a perky reply with some questions to prompt more information and establish a rapport:

Dear Regards. Congratulations on your academic accomplishment. Turning a dissertation or thesis into a journal article is a logical next step. Would you like to share some more about your project? I’m wondering a few things. Where are you? Where did you study? What was your thesis topic? What aspects of the thesis do you think would make good articles? What do you want from me? How can I help? If you can respond with answers to those questions, then we can talk about what to do next. Thanks, Dr. Carol

Almost immediately, I receive the following response:

Dear Sir. Salaam. I am from Pakistan. I did my M.Phil in [Interesting Education Field] at [Name of University]. My topic was [Interesting Topic Related to Students] of [College] in Pakistan. Regards.

Ooh, fun, I think to myself. Something interesting to read and discuss. I wonder how I can help. But I need more information to really get my head around this project. It’s possible that . . . no, I don’t want to think that thought yet. We’ll see what happens. I send off the following somewhat lengthy, totally nosy reply:

Dear Regards. Thank you for sharing a bit about you and your project. A few more questions: Do you have some ideas about what direction an article might take? Journal articles usually take just one aspect of the thesis. Have you worked with an editor before? What is your expectation? What do you specifically need to do next? Do you have something to edit? Have you written an outline of a possible article? Are you looking for coaching? How do you think I could help? Are you comfortable working with someone who is in a different country, with different time zone and currency? Are you comfortable with PayPal? The more specific you are on what you need, the better I can assess if I am able to help you. Thanks, Dr. Carol

Within hours, I receive this:

Dear Sir. I want to convert my thesis into publishable article. I will attach my thesis. Regards.

It’s not surprising the scholar took one look at my barrage of questions, which Google Translate probably butchered, and now can’t think of anything to say except to reiterate the goal, attach the paper, and hope for the best. However, I’m seeing red flags a-rising. Now the hazy edges are starting to come clear. Instead of answering my many valuable and pertinent questions, the scholar is laser-focused on the mission: getting that thing published. I begin to see the true nature of the “project.” Perfectly willing to be smacked down via email, I grit my teeth and send the following:

Dear Regards. Please help me get some clarity on your objective. Do you want me to write an article, based on your thesis? Thanks, Dr. Carol

The answer couldn’t be more clear:

Dear Sir. Yes sir. Regards.

Some hours elapse as I plan my approach. As you can imagine, I have a range of feelings now that I have learned the scholar wants me as a partner in a nefarious cheating scheme. First, I’m outraged, shocked, I tell you, shocked. The nerve! It’s not like I’m a saint, but I was seven and it was arithmetic, I mean, I ask you. However, as an adult scholar with a published dissertation, I certainly did not cheat, obfuscate, plagiarize, fabricate, falsify, or otherwise avoid doing the often-tedious chore of conducting original research, no matter how tired and defeated I felt. Somewhere during my life, I developed integrity.

After enjoying my righteous outrage, my next reaction was compassion. Oh, the poor scholar. I know how hard it is to write. Even for me, except for blogposts, most writing assignments don’t come easy. Let’s see, how can I weasel out of this situation without causing harm or insult? I wrote,

Dear Regards. Thank you. Now I understand. Thank you for clarifying your objective. I’m sorry to say, I would not be capable of writing an article for you. I am not that kind of writer. I don’t write content, I only edit content. That means I edit papers that other people write. I’m sorry it took so long for me to understand. Good luck to you. I hope you find a good writer for your project. Take care, be safe. Thanks, Dr. Carol

Fingers crossed, I say a prayer to Dr. Diss, the patron saint of scholars (just made that up). Let’s hope my scholar friend gets the hint and lets this conversation fade. Nope. One more email:

Dear Sir. Thank you for your response. Is there any one in your contacts to do it for me. Regards.

Okay. Now I need to come clean with my correspondent. I don’t want to give this person the impression that (a) it’s okay to ask editors to write scholarly content, (b) that people do this all the time, (c) that I have friends who will ghostwrite an article, and (d) probably most important, that I won’t write the article because I’m not competent enough to do it. Sadly, I suspect this kind of scholarly cheating happens frequently. Most of us have our price. I’ve never done it. I wonder how much it would take to motivate me to cheat. Hmm. Let me give that some thought.

Blogpost on cheating

I pull up my big dissertator britches, limber up my digits, and let my correspondent have it:

Dear Regards. I’m sorry, I don’t know anyone who would write an article for you. You are the expert on your topic so you are the one best able to choose what angle of your thesis topic would make a good article. I would imagine several topics could come out of your thesis. Think about your long-term career direction when you consider which topics to focus on. I’m going to be honest with you. Paying someone else to do your writing for you is not good scholarship. I could not in good conscience help you with that. As scholars, we succeed on our own merits. Editing is different from writing. Writing is tough sometimes. But that is the job of being a scholar. I encourage you to write an outline and a draft of an article and THEN send it to someone to edit. I’m semi-retired, so I’m not doing much editing these days. There are many editing companies that could help. Good luck to you. Thanks, Dr. Carol

And the final response:

Dear Sir. Thank you for your elaborate response. I will try but too much over work. Sir, from which you belong. Regards.

I could have added one last snarky parting shot: Hey, I took the trouble to look up your first name to discover your likely gender; did you do as much for me? No. Well, it’s not the first time I’ve been called “sir.”

So much for rapport. I get it. This poor scholar is probably dealing with COVID fears, homeschooling, and boredom—and now, the pressure of publishing! It’s too much. No argument from me. I am settling my compassion hat more firmly on my head. We all need more compassion right now.

Still, there’s no excuse for bad scholarship, cheating, or plagiarism. Giving in to those temptations might relieve short-term pressure but will not help anyone in the long run. Winning the long game of academia requires willingness, integrity, and grit. Yes, it’s hard during a pandemic, but writing is hard, pandemic or not. Don’t waste this terrible but uniquely precious creative time. The world needs your research!

All about plagiarism for dissertators whose backs are against the wall

Do you know what plagiarism is? Are you thinking to yourself, plagiar-what? Is that some sort of disease? (Uh-oh, said the editor.) If you aren’t familiar with the term plagiarism, read this post—it may save your career.

What is plagiarism?

Plagiarism is the unattributed use of someone else’s words, thoughts, ideas, and concepts (Plagiarism.org, 2014). You can call it borrowing, but essentially, plagiarism is stealing. Specifically, to plagiarize means

  • to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one’s own
  • to use (another’s production) without crediting the source
  • to commit literary theft
  • to present as new and original an idea or product derived from an existing source. (Merriam Webster online, n.d.)

In other words, plagiarism is an act of fraud. It involves both stealing someone else’s work and lying about it afterward. Whatever you borrowed, if you don’t say clearly who you borrowed it from and provide a usable link or reference back to the original source, you run the risk of being accused of plagiarism, which can get you expelled from your doctoral program. Yep. Expelled. Kind of a big deal.

Examples of plagiarism

  • Turning in someone else’s work as your own
  • Copying words or ideas from someone else without giving credit
  • Failing to put a quotation in quotation marks or “cherrypicking” parts of a quotation, taking the words out of context
  • Giving incorrect information about the source of a quotation
  • Changing words but copying the sentence structure of a source without giving credit
  • Copying so many words or ideas from a source that it makes up the majority of your work, whether you give credit or not

How plagiarism happens

Plagiarism happens. Usually it is unintentional. Think about this scenario and tell me it hasn’t happened to you: In rabid researcher mode, you comb through multiple databases, download hundreds of articles, follow umpteen threads on Google Scholar, dig into Ebrary and Google Books … you suck up information like a kid with a milkshake, gloating with glee when you find some particularly juicy or seminal article that some kind soul uploaded to the Web so you didn’t have to fork out a fortune to buy the book. Yum.

You copy, paste, and paraphrase text and ideas into your paper, immersed in your quest, relishing your progress. After a few hours of happy hunting, it suddenly dawns on you that you haven’t been citing your sources. In fact, you haven’t even kept track of where you found some of those obscure articles. Were they in a database? Did you get there through EBSCOHost or ProQuest? Or was it an article on a publisher’s website? Argh! Curses!

Now you are at a crossroads. You have two choices. One is long, tedious, boring, and frustrating; the other is short and relatively painless, but could lead to some serious consequences later, if anyone found out what you did. I am sure you know I’m talking about plagiarism.

Why dissertators feel tempted to cheat

The right thing to do

The right thing to do is to go back through your process, find all those sources you accessed, and record the citation information carefully, completely, and accurately, making sure to include robust URLs and dois (digital object identifers) and avoiding university proxies that no one but you or your fellow classmates can access. And then, next time you go searching for sources, you vow to keep track as you go along, like the responsible scholar you are. Right? Then you cite your sources in your paper like a citation maniac! (I tend to follow the maxim of when in doubt, cite. I figure it is better to CYA (cover your ass) than get in trouble for plagiarism later.)

The wrong thing to do

The wrong thing to do is failing to include citations in your paper, or perhaps worse, making up citations that might or might not relate to the words you paraphrased, hoping that no one will check.

As an editor, I don’t consider it my job to make sure your citations are accurate in terms of content. I check format, but as far as content goes, I have to trust your scholarly integrity. However, when I edit paragraph after paragraph of content with nary a citation, or maybe with one citation at the end of the paragraph, my plagiarism antenna pokes out of my head, and I start sniffing around for more signs of trouble. I go through the references and check that (a) they exist, (b) they are accurate, and (c) they are reasonably accessible to a typical reader.

Most of you know that when you include direct quotations, you must include the page number of the content. This is so readers can find the quote and read more about the subject. Reviewers can check to see if you took someone’s words out of context. It happens occasionally that dissertators either misinterpret or outright butcher someone else’s thoughts in their efforts to paraphrase. I don’t check your sources to make sure you paraphrased them accurately. However, if I spot a quotation that is not cited, I will try to find the page number. If I happen to notice that your interpretation of the authors’ words was taken out of context and spun to suit your argument, I will leave you a polite comment in the margin of your paper, warning you about the dangers of plagiarism.

Excuses for plagiarism

Sometimes plagiarism is intentional, but I believe dissertators rarely do it with malicious intent. When you are tired and the deadline is near, the effort to find citation information can be overwhelmed by the desire to get the paper done and submitted. Good enough is good enough for now; perfection can come later. Am I right? Ah, the slippery slope.

If you build good writing and research habits early in your academic career, it will be easier for you when the deadlines are clamoring and the pressure to cut corners is intense.

I don’t usually interact with the dissertators whose papers I edit. However, I was a teacher at a career college for 10 years. I’ve heard many excuses for why students feel compelled to plagiarize. Here are a few:

I tried (unskillfully) to put it into my own words.

Hey, no shame. We aren’t born with writing skills. We have to acquire them through practice. Learning how to write well is not like shopping for a toaster at Wal-Mart (darn). Academic writing is challenging even for good writers. Read lots of articles and dissertations to learn how other writers paraphrase and cite.

I forgot to copy the source.

It takes some practice to develop a system for managing your source information so you can create your citations. Read some tips in REASON 22 in my book. Make this system your habit. It is a lot easier to manage your sources as you go along, rather than wait until the end to figure out which source applies to which bit of text in your paper.

I didn’t know it was wrong.

It seems like everything on the Internet is free. We download movies and music. We copy pictures and text. We forward stories and webpages to our friends, we post them on Facebook. What we may not know is that many things on the Internet are considered “intellectual property.” That means it belongs to someone else, not to us. We are stealing!

Consequences of plagiarism

Plagiarism has consequences. If you’ve done it before, you might feel like you dodged a bullet. You might say, never again! Or you might say, I got away with it once, I probably can again. Ask yourself:

  • Will I likely get caught?
  • What are the potential consequences if I get caught?
  • Who do I harm?
  • Can I live with myself?

Only you can decide. However, plagiarizing your dissertation can come back to haunt you years after you did the crime. Here are two examples to nudge you in the right direction:

  • In Germany, defense minister Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg was forced to resign when it was discovered he had plagiarized large parts of his thesis; his university stripped him of his doctorate (Pidd, 2011).
  • In 2013, German education minister Annette Schavan lost her doctorate when it was discovered she had failed to properly cite other researchers’ work in her dissertation (Brumfield, 2013).

I’m pretty sure plagiarism isn’t unique to German scholars. Imagine working so hard for so many years to earn your doctorate, only to have it stripped from you. All that time and money down the drain. Think about that before you decide to cut corners on citing your sources.

If you want to earn the title of scholar, you need to do your best to follow the academic rules of the road. Writing a dissertation may be one of the hardest things you will ever do. The value of your work is diminished in direct proportion to the level of disregard you have for properly citing your sources. That was a convoluted sentence, wasn’t it? Let me put it this way: Cheaters may gain in the short run, but the honorable dissertator wins out in the end.

Check out plagiarism.org [http://www.plagiarism.org/] for lots of information about plagiarism, presented by WriteCheck, a service designed to help scholarly writers avoid plagiarism.

Sources

Brumfield, B. (2013, February 6). German education minister loses Ph.D. over plagiarized thesis. CNN. Retrieved from http://www.cnn.com/2013/02/06/world/europe/german-minister-plagiarism/

Merriam Webster. (n.d.). Plagiarism. Retrieved from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/plagiarize

Pidd, H. (2011). German defence minister resigns in PhD plagiarism row: Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg had been stripped of doctorate by University of Bayreuth. The Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/01/german-defence-minister-resigns-plagiarism

Plagiarism.org. (2014). What is plagiarism? Retrieved from http://www.plagiarism.org/plagiarism-101/what-is-plagiarism

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